Mengaplikasikan Filter Etika Islam Untuk Mempermudah Keputusan Pembelian Dan Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan
Keywords:
Etika Islam, Konsumsi Digital, Filter Syariah, UMKM, E-Commerce, KesejahteraanAbstract
This study explores the integration of Islamic ethics in digital consumption, focusing on the application of Sharia filters to guide purchasing decisions in e-commerce. The main issue addressed is the misalignment between modern consumer behavior and Islamic principles, such as the avoidance of riba and gharar. The objective is to examine the impact of implementing Islamic ethics in digital transactions on consumer well-being and the competitiveness of Sharia-based SMEs. A narrative review approach was used, synthesizing literature on Islamic ethics, consumer behavior, and digital technology. Findings show that applying Sharia-based filters, such as AI and blockchain to ensure product halalness, can enhance transparency and consumer trust. Additionally, this integration has the potential to improve the competitiveness of Sharia-based SMEs in the global digital market. Recommendations include the need for Sharia digital education and collaboration between the government, businesses, and e-commerce platforms to strengthen Sharia filter implementation.
References
Afdila, A., & Ferdinan, F. (2020). Pengaruh E-Commerce terhadap Perilaku Konsumen dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah. In AL-Muqayyad (Vol. 3, Issue 2). repository.stai-tbh.ac.id. https://doi.org/10.46963/jam.v3i2.285
Ahmad, J., Zahid, S., Wahid, F. F., & Ali, S. (2021). Impact of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity on Job Satisfaction the Mediating Effect of Job Stress and Moderating Effect of Islamic Work Ethics. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(4), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.4.895
Alhammadi, S., Alotaibi, K. O., & Hakam, D. F. (2022). Analysing Islamic banking ethical performance from Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah perspective: evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Finance and Investment, 12(4), 1171–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2020.1848179
Aliyah, A. H. (2022). Peran Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat. WELFARE Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 3(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.37058/wlfr.v3i1.4719
Allal-Chérif, O., Simón-Moya, V., & Ballester, A. C. C. (2021). Intelligent purchasing: How artificial intelligence can redefine the purchasing function. Journal of Business Research, 124, 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.050
Althalathini, D., Al-Dajani, H., & Apostolopoulos, N. (2022). The Impact of Islamic Feminism in Empowering Women’s Entrepreneurship in Conflict Zones: Evidence from Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine. Journal of Business Ethics, 178(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04818-z
Alwi, Z., Parmitasari, R. D. A., & Syariati, A. (2021). An assessment on Islamic banking ethics through some salient points in the prophetic tradition. In Heliyon (Vol. 7, Issue 5). cell.com. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07103
Amelia, S., Fasa, M. I., & Suharto. (2022). Pengaruh Implementasi Etika Bisnis, Konsep Produksi Dan Distribusi Pada Umkm Terhadap Profitabilitas Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam. Juremi: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, 1(4), 305–313. https://doi.org/10.53625/juremi.v1i4.729
Apriani, D., Williams, A., Rahardja, U., Khoirunisa, A., & Avionita, S. (2021). The Use of Science Technology In Islamic Practices and Rules In The Past Now and The Future. International Journal of Cyber and IT Service Management, 1(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.34306/ijcitsm.v1i1.16
Armutcu, B., Tan, A., Amponsah, M., Parida, S., & Ramkissoon, H. (2023). Tourist behaviour: The role of digital marketing and social media. In Acta Psychologica (Vol. 240). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104025
Asutay, M., Buana, G. K., & Avdukic, A. (2022). The Impact of Islamic Spirituality on Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment: Exploring Mediation and Moderation Impact. In Journal of Business Ethics (Vol. 181, Issue 4, pp. 913–932). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04940-y
Aysa, I. R. (2021). Tantangan Transformasi Digital Bagi Kemajuan Perekonomian Indonesia. Jurnal At-Tamwil: Kajian Ekonomi Syariah, 3(2), 140–153. https://doi.org/10.33367/at.v2i3.1458
Azizah, M., & Hariyanto, H. (2021). Implementasi Etika Bisnis Islam terhadap Konsep Green Economics. Supremasi Hukum: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum, 10(2), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.14421/sh.v10i2.2392
Bucky Wibawa Karya Guna, Sri Endah Yuwantiningrum, Firmansyah, Muh. Dzihab Aminudin S, & Aslan, A. (2024). Building Morality and Ethics Through Islamic Religious Education in Schools. IJGIE (International Journal of Graduate of Islamic Education), 5(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.37567/ijgie.v5i1.2685
Budiman, & Pahruroji, A. (2021). URGENSI ETIKA ISLAM DI ERA DIGITAL. Journal Of Islamic Economics and Business Studies, 4(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55171/jam.v4i1.438
Czerny, M. M. E. (2021). Religion as a Source of Islamic Ethics and its Impact on the Islamic Accounting System. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 4(355), 28–46. https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.355.02
Daga, R., Maddatuang, B., Wahyuni, R., Bisnis, I., Nitro Makassar, K., & Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Amkop Makassar, S. (2020). Faktor-Faktor Penghambat Penggunaan E-Commerce pada Usaha Mikro Kecil di Kota Makassar YUME :
Journal of Management Faktor-Faktor Penghambat Penggunaan E-Commerce pada Usaha Mikro Kecil di Kota Makassar. YUME : Journal of Management, 3(3), 115–127. https://journal.stieamkop.ac.id/index.php/yume/article/view/843
Dahlan, D. (2021). Etika Politik Dalam Islam (Konstruksi Dan Persfektif). Menara Ilmu, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.31869/mi.v15i1.2389
Dwi Ramadhan, K., Septian Fadriansyah, D., Aldi Pramesti, M., Wahyu, W., & Mutiah, R. (2023). Implementasi Prinsip Kualitas Dan Etika Islam Dalam Mempertahankan Kelancaran Produksi Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur. In Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia (JESI) (Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 142–157). ojs-steialamar.org. https://doi.org/10.57171/jesi.v2i2.30
Elder, R. S., & Krishna, A. (2022). A Review of Sensory Imagery for Consumer Psychology. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 32(2), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1242
Fadhilah, N. A., Putra, P., Rahmawati, R., & Basri, H. (2021). Optimalisasi Umkm Dalam Pemanfaatan Teknologi Digital Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Di Lingkungan Kecamatan Cibitung, Kabupaten Bekasi. Devosi, 2(2), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.33558/devosi.v2i2.3007
Faiz, F., Ula, N. F., & Zubaidi, A. (2022). Relasi Etika dan Teknologi dalam Perspektif Filsafat Islam. TRILOGI: Jurnal Ilmu Teknologi, Kesehatan, Dan Humaniora, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.33650/trilogi.v3i3.6594
Faizin, M. (2021). Akhlak dan Etika. SAMAWA : Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam, 1(2), 97–103. https://doi.org/10.53948/samawa.v1i2.21
Fischer, E., & Guzel, G. T. (2023). The case for qualitative research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 33(1), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1300
Furqani, H., & Echchabi, A. (2022). Who is Homo Islamicus? A Qurʾānic perspective on the economic agent in Islamic economics. In ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance (Vol. 14, Issue 2, pp. 206–220). emerald.com. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-05-2021-0102
Hadi, R., Melumad, S., & Park, E. S. (2024). The Metaverse: A new digital frontier for consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 34(1), 142–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1356
Hamidah, R. A., Alam, A., Wijayanti, D., & Nurrahman, A. (2021). Peran Komunitas Pengusaha Muslim Dalam Mengembangkan Bisnis Syariah di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19 (Studi kasus: Jogja Muslimah Preneur). In BISNIS : Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen Islam (Vol. 9, Issue 2, p. 225). researchgate.net.
https://doi.org/10.21043/bisnis.v9i2.11914
Hanic, A., & Smolo, E. (2023). Islamic approach to corporate social responsibility: an international model for Islamic banks. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 16(1), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-07-2021-0284
Imanuddin, A. F., Sambiono, D., Shiddiqi, F., & Ukamah, S. (2021). Transaksi E-Commerce Sebagai Pertahanan Umkm Di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19 Dalam Perspektif Islam. In Imtiyaz: Jurnal Ilmu Keislaman (Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 53–63). academia.edu. https://doi.org/10.46773/imtiyaz.v5i2.146
Islam, G. (2022). Business Ethics and Quantification: Towards an Ethics of Numbers. In Journal of Business Ethics (Vol. 176, Issue 2, pp. 195–211). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04694-z
Islam, T., Ahmad, S., Kaleem, A., & Mahmood, K. (2021). Abusive supervision and knowledge sharing: moderating roles of Islamic work ethic and learning goal orientation. Management Decision, 59(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-08-2019-1069
Islam, T., Khan, M. M., Ahmed, I., & Mahmood, K. (2020). Promoting in-role and extra-role green behavior through ethical leadership: mediating role of green HRM and moderating role of individual green values. International Journal of Manpower, 42(6), 1102–1123. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-01-2020-0036
Itzchakov, G., & Wheeler, S. C. (2024). Listen to this: Why consumer behavior researchers should care about listening. Consumer Psychology Review, 7(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/arcp.1092
Jatmiko, W., Iqbal, A., & Ebrahim, M. S. (2024). On the Ethicality of Islamic Banks’ Business Model. British Journal of Management, 35(1), 115–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12703
Kader, H. (2021). Human well-being, morality and the economy: an Islamic perspective. In Islamic Economic Studies (Vol. 28, Issue 2, pp. 102–123). emerald.com. https://doi.org/10.1108/ies-07-2020-0026
Koskelainen, T., Kalmi, P., Scornavacca, E., & Vartiainen, T. (2023). Financial literacy in the digital age A research agenda. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 57(1), 507–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12510
Latifah, E., Abadiyah, F., Muawanah, R., & Sukma, D. (2022). Bank Syariah Indonesia dalam Menguatkan Ekonomi Sektor UMKM pada Masa Pandemi. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance, 1(2), 139–152.
https://doi.org/10.37680/ijief.v1i2.1151
ardiah, A. (2022). Fenomena Flexing: Pamer di Media Sosial dalam Persfektif Etika Islam. In International Conference on Tradition and Religious Studies (Vol. 1, Issue 1, p. 310). http://proceedings.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/lc-TiaRS/article/view/239
Mariani, M. M., & Nambisan, S. (2021). Innovation Analytics and Digital Innovation Experimentation: The Rise of Research-driven Online Review Platforms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121009
Mariani, M. M., Perez-Vega, R., & Wirtz, J. (2022). AI in marketing, consumer research and psychology: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Psychology and Marketing, 39(4), 755–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21619
Maysari, N., Zawawi, A., & Ismanto, H. (2020). Urgensi Digital Marketing terhadap Strategi Pemasaran Bagi UMKM Pasca Pandemi Covid-19. Al-Muzdahir : Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 2(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.55352/ekis.v2i1.488
Muthoifin, M., Amelia, I., & Eprahim Ali, A. B. (2024). Islamic accounting: Ethics and contextualization of recording in Muamalah transactions. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(8). https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024132
Nardini, G., Rank-Christman, T., Bublitz, M. G., Cross, S. N. N., & Peracchio, L. A. (2021). Together We Rise: How Social Movements Succeed. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 31(1), 112–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1201
Nasution, E. Y., Hariani, P., Hasibuan, L. S., & Pradita, W. (2020). Perkembangan Transaksi Bisnis E-Commerce terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia. Jesya, 3(2), 506–519. https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v3i2.227
Orinaldi, M. (2020). Peran E-commerce dalam Meningkatkan Resiliensi Bisnis diera Pandemi. ILTIZAM Journal of Shariah Economics Research, 4(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.30631/iltizam.v4i2.594
Peck, J., & Luangrath, A. W. (2023). A review and future avenues for psychological ownership in consumer research. Consumer Psychology Review, 6(1), 52–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/arcp.1084
Pohan, M. A. (2023). Tinjauan Ekonomi Islam Terhadap Etika Pemasaran. Qonun Iqtishad EL Madani Journal, 2(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.55438/jqim.v2i1.51
Pujianti, E. (2022). Etika Dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam. Jurnal Mibtadiin, 8(1), 1–8. http://journal.an-nur.ac.id/index.php/mubtadiin/article/view/172
Puspita, I. R., Fadillah, A., & Taqyudin, Y. (2022). Tinjauan Atas Keputusan Pembelian Pada Marketplace Shopee. Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis Kesatuan, 2(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.37641/jabkes.v2i1.1358
Putri, P. M., & Marlien, R. . (2022). Pengaruh Digital Marketing terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Online. Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi & Ekonomi Syariah), 5(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v5i1.510
Putro, A. A., & Mulyanti, D. (2023). Pengaruh Etika Bisnis Islam Dalam Meningkatkan UMKM : Studi Literature. Dharma Ekonomi, 30(1), 01–06. https://doi.org/10.59725/de.v30i1.66
Qanitah, N. A. A., Chusma, N. M., Putri, C. N. A., & Latifah, F. N. (2021). Implementasi Etika Bisnis Islam Dalam Transaksi Jual Beli Online Pada E-Commerce Popular Di Indonesia. JPSDa: Jurnal Perbankan Syariah Darussalam, 1(2), 166–181. https://doi.org/10.30739/jpsda.v1i2.998
Rabbani, M. R., Bashar, A., Nawaz, N., Karim, S., Ali, M. A. M., Rahiman, H. U., & Alam, M. S. (2021). Exploring the role of islamic fintech in combating the aftershocks of covid-19: The open social innovation of the islamic financial system. In Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity (Vol. 7, Issue 2). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020136
Rahayu, Y., Fasa, M. I., & Suharto. (2022). Implementasi Etika Bisnis Islam dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Pedagang. Islamic Economics and Finance Journal, 1(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.55657/iefj.v1i1.4
Rahmayati, R. (2021). Competition Strategy in the Islamic Banking Industry: An Empirical Review. International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development, 2(2), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v2i2.133
Razali, R. (2021). Akselerasi Daya Beli Masyarakat Terhadap Produk Halal Melalui E-Commerce. Jurnal Iqtisaduna, 7(2), 115–126. https://e-journal.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/qardh/article/view/2733
Ruslang, R., Kara, M., & Wahab, A. (2020). Etika Bisnis E-Commerce Shopee Berdasarkan Maqashid Syariah Dalam Mewujudkan Keberlangsungan Bisnis. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 6(3), 665. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v6i3.1412
Saggaf, M. I., Arif, M. W., Habibie, M., & Atqiya, K. (2021). Prinsip Komunikasi Islam Sebagai Etika Bermedia Sosial. Journal of Communication Studies, 1(01), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.37680/jcs.v1i01.698
Salim, M. N. (2020). Penerapan E-Commerce Dalam Meningkatkan Daya Saing Produk Konveksi Umkm. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Dan Akuntansi, 1(2), 42–46.
https://ejr.umku.ac.id/index.php/JEISA/article/view/1139
Saputri, N. A., & Fatimah, E. S. R. (2020). Pengaruh E-Commerce dan Pengetahuan Kewirausahaan Terhadap Minat Berwirausaha pada Pedagang Online di Kota Makassar. El - Iqtishad: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Syariah, 4(1), 46–63. https://sys.parahikma.ac.id/journal/index.php/el-iqtishod/article/view/117
Sara, K. D., & Fitryani, F. (2020). Peran Kewirausahaan Dan E-Commerce Terhadap Perkembangan Usaha Mikro, Kecil Dan Menengah (Umkm) Dalam Perspektif Islam. Jurnal EMA, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.47335/ema.v5i2.53
Saripudin, S., Nadya, P. S., & Iqbal, M. (2021). Upaya Fintech Syariah Mendorong Akselerasi Pertumbuhan UMKM di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 7(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v7i1.1449
Sayyidah, A. F., Mardhotillah, R. N., Sabila, N. A., & Rejeki, S. (2022). Peran Religiusitas Islam dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Psikologis. Al-Qalb : Jurnal Psikologi Islam, 13(2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.15548/alqalb.v13i2.4274
Sharma, P., Ueno, A., Dennis, C., & Turan, C. P. (2023). Emerging digital technologies and consumer decision-making in retail sector: Towards an integrative conceptual framework. Computers in Human Behavior, 148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107913
Sulaiman, R., Toulson, P., Brougham, D., Lempp, F., & Haar, J. (2022). The Role of Religiosity in Ethical Decision-Making: A Study on Islam and the Malaysian Workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 179(1), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04836-x
Supriyanto, A., & Hana, K. F. (2020). Strategi Pengembangan Desa Digital Untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas UMKM. In BISNIS : Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen Islam (Vol. 8, Issue 2, p. 199). academia.edu. https://doi.org/10.21043/bisnis.v8i2.8640
Suryani, W. (2022). Etika Komunikasi Dalam Islam. In Saf: Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Penyiaran Islam (Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp. 22–37). ejournal.iaingorontalo.ac.id. https://ejournal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/saf/article/view/638
Suyanto, U. Y., & Purwanti, I. (2020). Pengembangan Model Peningkatan Daya Saing UMKM Berbasis E-Commerce ( Studi Pada UMKM Kabupaten Lamongan). Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi & Ekonomi Syariah), 4(1), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v4i1.299
Taja, N., Nurdin, E. S., Kosasih, A., Suresman, E., & Supriyadi, T. (2021). Character
ducation in the pandemic era: A religious ethical learning model through Islamic education. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(11), 132–153. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.11.8
Telaumbanua, A., & Ziliwu, N. (2022). Analisis Dampak Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa Terhadap Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen Dan Ekonomi, 1(1), 108–123. https://doi.org/10.56248/jamane.v1i1.21
Tlemsani, I., Zaman, A., Mohamed Hashim, M. A., & Matthews, R. (2023). Digitalization and sustainable development goals in emerging Islamic economies. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-03-2023-0092
Umar, U. H., Baita, A. J., Haron, M. H. Bin, & Kabiru, S. H. (2022). The potential of Islamic social finance to alleviate poverty in the era of COVID-19: the moderating effect of ethical orientation. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 15(2), 255–270. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-07-2020-0371
Walden, J., Steinbrecher, A., & Marinkovic, M. (2021). Digital Product Passports as Enabler of the Circular Economy. Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik, 93(11), 1717–1727. https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.202100121
Yeo, S. F., Tan, C. L., Kumar, A., Tan, K. H., & Wong, J. K. (2022). Investigating the impact of AI-powered technologies on Instagrammers’ purchase decisions in digitalization era–A study of the fashion and apparel industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121551
Yulianti, Y., Srisusilawati, P., & Nurrachmi, I. (2021). Prosiding Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Analisis Strategi Pemasaran Syariah terhadap Bakar Uang pada Perusahaan E-Commerce. In Prosiding Hukum Ekonomi Syariah (Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp. 505–508). academia.edu. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/syariah.v0i0.31119
Zaim, H., Demir, A., & Budur, T. (2021). Ethical leadership, effectiveness and team performance: an Islamic perspective. Middle East J. of Management, 8(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1504/mejm.2021.111991
Zhu, P., Liu, Z., Li, X., Jiang, X., & Zhu, M. X. (2023). The influences of livestreaming on online purchase intention: examining platform characteristics and consumer psychology. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 123(3), 862–
885. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-07-2022-0430
Zuliyati, Z., Triyanto, W. A., & Handayani, R. T. (2021). Peranan E-Commerce dalam Meningkatkan Daya Saing Keuangan Inklusif UMKM di Kabupaten Kudus yang Berbasis Fintech. In Jurnal Akuntansi Indonesia (Vol. 10, Issue 2, p. 187). academia.edu. https://doi.org/10.30659/jai.10.2.187-199
Zunaidah, A., Askafi, E., & Daroini, A. (2021). Peran Usaha Bumdes Berbasis Pertanian Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat. Magister Agribisnis, 21(1), 47–57. https://www.academia.edu/83887651/Peran_Usaha_Bumdes_Berbasis_Pertanian_Dalam_Upaya_Meningkatkan_Kesejahteraan_Masyarakat
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Yahya Anas1, Ghali Fersi Saputra, Khoirul Umam, Salman Al-Farisi, Fadali Rahman

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.





